If you are looking for the following behaviour

Use the following latex code
\usepackage{amsmath}\begin{equation*}  \mathbf{X} = \begin{array}{c@{\!\!\!}l}  \left[ \begin{array}[c]{ccccc}    1 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\    \vdots & \vdots & \vdots && \vdots \\    1 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\    \hline    1 & 1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\    \vdots & \vdots & \vdots && \vdots \\    1 & 1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\    \hline    1 & 0 & 1 & \cdots & 0 \\    \vdots & \vdots & \vdots && \vdots \\    1 & 0 & 1 & \cdots & 0 \\    \hline    \vdots & \vdots & \vdots && \vdots \\    \hline    1 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 1 \\    \vdots & \vdots & \vdots && \vdots \\    1 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 1 \\  \end{array}  \right]& \begin{array}[c]{@{}l@{\,}l}   \left. \begin{array}{c} \vphantom{0}  \\ \vphantom{\vdots}   \\ \vphantom{0} \end{array} \right\} & \text{$n_1$ times} \\\left. \begin{array}{c} \vphantom{0} \\ \vphantom{\vdots}   \\ \vphantom{0}  \end{array} \right\} & \text{$n_2$ times} \\\left. \begin{array}{c} \vphantom{0}  \\ \vphantom{\vdots} \\ \vphantom{0} \end{array} \right\} & \text{$n_3$ times} \\  \vphantom{\vdots} & \\ \left. \begin{array}{c} \vphantom{0}  \\ \vphantom{\vdots} \\ \vphantom{0} \end{array} \right\} & \text{$n_l$ times}\end{array}\end{array}\end{equation*} | 
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